Learning Differences and School Support
For many parents, the term "learning difference" can feel daunting. However, knowing how a child's brain processes information is the first, most crucial step toward unlocking their full potential. Learning differences are not a measure of intelligence; they are simply variations in how individuals learn best.
If you suspect your child is struggling in school despite putting in significant effort, it's essential to know the landscape of learning disabilities, the support systems available, and the path to getting help.
What Are Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD)?
A Specific Learning Disability (SLD) is a classification used in schools and is defined as a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written. This may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations.
The most common types of SLDs include:
Dyslexia: Primarily impacting reading, including decoding, fluency, comprehension, and spelling.
Dysgraphia: Primarily impacting writing, including handwriting, spelling, composition, and organization of thoughts on paper.
Dyscalculia: Primarily impacting mathematics, including understanding number concepts, calculating, and problem-solving.
Other Disabilities Qualifying for School Support
The Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE), in alignment with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), recognizes that various conditions, beyond Specific Learning Disabilities (SLDs), can qualify a child for special education services due to their significant impact on educational performance.
A partial list of categories includes:
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Impacts social interaction, communication, and includes restricted/repetitive behaviors.
Health Impairment: A broad category covering conditions like ADHD, or medical issues limiting strength, vitality, or alertness.
Emotional Impairment: inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers; inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances; a general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression; or a tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems, such as school refusal.
Communication Impairment: Challenges in communication, including difficulties with speech, language, articulation, or comprehension.
For the complete list of DESE's IDEA disability categories, refer to the DESE Disability Categories.
A Comprehensive Diagnostic Psychoeducational Evaluation
How do you determine if your child has a learning disability or other qualifying condition?
A Diagnostic Psychoeducational Evaluation provides the definitive answer to determining if your child has a learning disability or other qualifying condition. It is crucial to understand the difference: a school-based evaluation qualifies your child only for school-based services, while a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation yields the necessary formal diagnoses.
This comprehensive assessment is typically conducted by a qualified clinician and involves:
Standardized Testing: Measuring cognitive ability (IQ), academic achievement in areas like reading, math, and writing, and specific processing skills (e.g., memory, executive function).
Observation and History: Gathering information from parents, teachers, and the student to understand behavioral and academic patterns.
Synthesis and Diagnosis: Interpreting the pattern of scores to arrive at a diagnosis.
This evaluation is the cornerstone for determining eligibility for special education services or accommodations in a school setting.
Securing School Support: IEPs and 504 Plans
Once a learning difference or qualifying disability is identified, the school is legally required to provide support services. This support is formalized through two primary mechanisms:
Individualized Education Program (IEP): For students who require specialized instruction because their disability adversely affects their educational performance. An IEP is a legal document detailing specific goals, services (like specialized instruction), and accommodations.
504 Plan: For students who do not require specialized instruction but need accommodations to access the general education curriculum. Examples include preferential seating, extended time on tests, or reduced homework load.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is the main difference between a "learning difference" and a "learning disability"?
A "learning difference" is a broader, more empowering term for variations in learning. A Specific Learning Disability (SLD) is a clinical classification defined by IDEA, used in schools to determine eligibility for special education services (like an IEP).
When should I seek an independent evaluation outside of the school system?
You may seek an independent evaluation if you disagree with the school's results, if the school's evaluation is incomplete, or if you need a specialized diagnosis (like ADHD or Autism) that the school system cannot provide.
If my child is struggling, should I request a 504 Plan or an IEP?
First, request an evaluation to determine a qualifying disability. An IEP is for students who require specialized instruction and services. A 504 Plan is for students who need accommodations (like extended time) but not specialized instruction. The evaluation results determine the appropriate plan.
What is the difference between an Accommodation and a Modification?
An accommodation changes how a student learns (e.g., extended time, audiobooks), keeping the curriculum expectations the same. A modification changes what a student is taught or expected to learn (e.g., fewer problems assigned, simplified content), changing the curriculum expectations. In a school setting, the difference between an IEP and a 504 plan is significant. An IEP can include both modifications and accommodations within the school environment, while a 504 plan is limited to providing accommodations only.
Resources for Parents
Navigating the educational system can be overwhelming. Fortunately, numerous organizations exist to empower parents with knowledge and support:
Understood.org: Offers comprehensive resources and personalized support for parents of children with learning and thinking differences.
The International Dyslexia Association (IDA): Focuses on dyslexia; provides information on effective instruction and advocacy.
CHADD (Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder): Provides support, education, and advocacy for individuals with ADHD.
Learning Disabilities Association of America (LDA): Offers information and support on a wide range of learning disabilities.
Remember, a learning difference is simply a blueprint for a unique mind. With early identification, appropriate support, and advocacy, your child can thrive both in and out of the classroom.
Proudly serving the Merrimack Valley area and surrounding communities, Cognitive Canvas, LLC's offices are conveniently located in Andover, MA. Contact us for support.